Portfolio

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WP3

Joseline Ayala

Professor Zack de Piero

Writing 2

29 May 2016

Pets or no Pets?

The scholarly article I chose to transform—To Have or Not to Have a Pet for Better Health? by Leena Koivusilta and Ansa Ojanlatva—talks about about the associations of pet ownership with perceived health and disease indicators. This study takes into account socio-demographic background factors together with health risk factors such as exercise.

            My goal for the first genre transformation, the Science Daily health article, was to inform an older audience on the associations of having pets with better health. Given that adults are generally more prone to health-related issues, I wanted to focus on the negative effects that can arise from specific behaviors-such as lack of exercise-and how owning a pet can help(or not) reduce this problem. My goal for the second genre transformation, the Twitter page, was to persuade a younger audience-such as young adults who visit social media-to become better informed with the consequences that follow unhealthy lifestyle patterns and how pets can act as a means of support to prevent health-related issues.

            The intended audience for the Science Daily article are adults: i.e. parents, workers, teachers. A health article, I believe, is an effective way of presenting health issues that can potentially affect this specific group of audience because it offers relevant, detailed information that can be readily accessible online or in magazines. According to Losh and Alexander, a writer’s ability to tailor their ideas to a specific group of people is dependent upon multiple identities; in the same way that we conform or try to fit in with our society’s expectations and beliefs when we pick what clothes to wear and how to fashion our hair. It can be argued, then, that adapting to an audience’s needs is a writing technique or move that an author chooses to make because in doing so he or she can sound more persuasive to that particular audience. They can accomplish this level of persuasion by providing relevant evidence and an appropriate tone. In my first genre transformation, I am able to obtain credibility by using an educated tone and reliable sources of information that support my objective to better inform an older audience of the associations of having pets with better health. For example, I quote Leena Koivusilta and Ansa Ojanlatva: “Pet owners had a slightly higher BMI than the rest, which indicates that people having a pet (particularly a dog) could use some exercise.” This article provides a challenging viewpoint that was made in the study. As a result of this, an older audience might oppose to having pets whereas a younger audience might remain persistent in believing that pets are beneficial to their health.

            Why is it that a younger audience (including myself) tends to believe in positive associations between having pets and a better health? This was perhaps a result of the beliefs that have been imposed to them by their society. With this I introduce my second genre transformation: a Twitter page. Twitter is a social form of online communication that helps translate various issues to teenagers today through pictures, videos, GIFs, and conversations. Before talking about the moves in this piece, it is important that I describe the conventions of this social media (what makes Twitter, Twitter?). All Twitter profile pages have a profile picture, their “@username,” small biography, and a list of the people they follow as well as their followers. The people they follow can be seen as their own set of sources that they obtain their information from. There is a blue and white pattern seen throughout the entire page and when you like a person’s tweet, you can “favorite” or “retweet” this idea to share to your own set of followers.

When discussing moves, we can refer to McCloud’s discussion about framing, transition, visual literacy, and moment as well as their contribution to the clarity, persuasion, and intensity when writing with images. Twitter uses these methods and allows for the fast spread of information through various sources to those people who are technologically adapted. Young adults and teenagers who utilize this form of communication can be influenced to believe in particular things-this is the frame, or the things the writer allows you to see. For instance, in my genre transformation, the Twitter account “@Puppies4health” informs teens that “other kinds of experiences and aspects of life may be involved in pet ownership such as mental and emotional issues” (Leena Koivusilta and Ansa Ojanlatva). This Twitter account is only persistent with the belief that pets, such as puppies, can be helpful when dealing with emotional and other health-related issues. Unlike the health article, it does not offer various viewpoints. Instead, it sticks to convincing the viewers that pets have a positive impact to their lives: “Petting your cat or dog feels good. It can lower your blood pressure, helps your body relaxation hormone...” Thus, it is describing moment, what is shown or left out. Moreover, the images transition together with the discussion of pets and better perceived health because they seem to be loving, healthy, and overall happier. Visual literacy is what is written and how it looks. In this Twitter page we that the tweets are very straightforward and they often offer images of smiling puppies, which can appeal to a younger set of viewers.

It is evident, in conclusion, that the decisions writers make can be intended for a specific group for various reasons. These decisions, or moves, may convince the reader in believing certain things once the writer has established that credibility, whether it be through a tweet or a scientifically proven study. Learning to apply these writing techniques are essential to becoming a better writer. These genre transformations have allowed me to explore the different and similar conventions between two genres as well as understand what it takes to persuade completely different audiences.

 Genre transformation #1 (health article): file:///Users/joselineayala/Downloads/WP3%20HEALTH%20ARTICLE.pdf

 Images for Genre Transformation #2 (Twitter page):

Works Cited

 Koivusilta, Leena, and Ansa Ojanlatva. "To Have or Not to Have a Pet for Better Health?" N.p., Dec. 2006. Web. 29 May 2016.

Losh, Elizabeth M., Jonathan Alexander, Kevin Cannon, and Zander Cannon. Understanding Rhetoric: A Graphic Guide to Writing. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.

McCloud, Scott. Scott McCloud | Journal » Archive » Writing with Pictures. Scott McCloud Journal RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2016.

Thlog Ocho

This week in Writing I have been having so much trouble coming up with ideas for our last writing project and I still have not decided what topic I want to do. My PB3A was about puppies and their positive impact on people's health. For one of my genre transformations I want to recreate a health article about pets. Zack told me to be more specific on the type of article and I'm wondering whether this can be made up or has to be a replica of another one.

For my second genre transformation, I am thinking of making a snapchat article about puppies. This genre I believe is geared towards a younger audience because more typically we see young adults using applications such as snapchat on a regular basis. I am not sure if I'm keeping this genre however because I have no idea how to recreate it. I don't know if I can just make the article and take pictures of it the same way I took pictures of another Wall Street Journal I found on snapchat. I have also tried messing with PowerPoint slides but I feel like that's a different genre than the one I am planning on doing. As week 9 has rapidly approached, I am running out of time and need to pick up the pace. WP3 is definitely a lot more fun but requires far more creativity. I hope to get some insightful suggestions from my peers in class this week. I am looking forward to finally wrapping up our last WP3 and for this 3-day weekend coming up! Six Flags here I come!

PB3A

The scholarly article I chose to transform--To Have or Not to Have a Pet for Better Health? by Leena Koivusilta and Ansa Ojanlatva--talks about about the associations of pet ownership with perceived health and disease indicators. This study takes into account socio-demographic background factors together with health risk factors such as exercise.

I came up with two ways to transform this genre into new and different genres: a health magazine article that you typically find in a doctor’s waiting room and an online BuzzFeed article, specifically found on Snapchat’s “Discover” section. The magazine article is geared towards an older audience because it is more likely that adults pick up a health magazine  compared to a younger audience. For this article I will make sure to include the research within the scholarly article that describe how aging individuals’ health can be positively affected by pet companions. As far as the Snapchat article, I am not completely sure how I will recreate this genre since most of the articles in the “Discover” section have videos and moving images and words and I am not technologically confident to make one myself. For now I will focus on the content for this genre. Given I will be targeting a younger audience, I will try making it as entertaining as possible. To keep the readers engaged, I will relate things from the scholarly article that may affect them. For example, in the scholarly article, Koivusilta and Ojanlatva talks about 20-24 year olds and their associations between the amounts of exercise and diseases.

I noticed that health magazine articles have a catchy title, creative font styles, and colorful images. They also tend to include images of famous artists; typically women. They are usually longer than other entertainment articles and use a more scholarly tone, whereas popular media articles use a conversational tone. Health magazines, compared to the scholarly article, tend to summarize the main points mentioned in the scholarly article instead of going more in depth with the research process and the results obtained from that study. For the health magazine article I was thinking of using cute pictures of puppies and a catchy title like “10 Reasons Why Puppies Can be Good for Your Health.” Then I will break into the different reasons, discussed in the scholarly article, that show why pets such as puppies can be god for a person’s health. In a way, I will be trying to persuade readers of an older age group to consider getting a pet.

I want to try using social media as one of the textual genres because applications such as Snapchat, Twitter, and Facebook have an important effect on the younger audience of today’s generation. Many college students today have a snapchat account and use it as a means of communication between friends. One of the features on snapchat that has recently been included is a “Discover” page that includes links to specialized articles such as Cosmopolitan, BuzzFeed, Now This, Comedy Central, CNN, ESPN, of many. These articles help bring current and popular topics that typically intrigue a younger audience of discussion such as sports, food tips, etc. I will recreate my own article and talk about the effects on pets on a younger population using the data in the scholarly article.

I hope to have some fun making these textual genres even though I am not exactly sure how I will go about this assignment.


For those of you who may be unfamiliar with Snapchat, here is what I mean...

         

Thlog #7

    This week we finally finished up our final draft of our second Writing Project. Things were a little different on Wednesday since we had class online and not in our usual location. Like many students, I was extremely confused with our assignment. I did not understand why we were looking at the Bob Ross videos and I'm just hoping I met the assignment's expectations. My favorite video was probably the 4 Disney artists painting one tree. I found it interesting how each artist perceived different ideas, but at the same time they cooperated with one another. I realized that they put in lots of effort in creating these Disney films. The Family Guy video confused me a little because I wasn't sure what its point was. I believe it was trying to mock Bob Ross? Bob Ross' painting technique is also interesting and I especially like the video where he talks about creating "plains." This technique creates distance in the painting by simply emphasizing size and illusions. He created these illusions by blurring in the trees and making the outer trees larger than the ones in the center. He also makes a reflection of trees in the pond which I thought was pretty cool. What I got from this assignment and what I think we will be doing for our third writing project is looking closely at an authors moves and leading the reader through these moves by describing their writing process. Although I am not exactly sure how to do that, I hope this writing project is both enjoyable and interesting and enables me to accomplish this task. Given that we will only be meeting a couple more times this quarter, I will try my best to do well on my last paper.

Video Responses

• Bob Ross refers to the different "planes" of his painting and the effect it has on the viewer's distance. The Disney artists refer to the different ways that artists envision the creation of trees. It is very interesting to see how the trees turn out so different even though they were paining the same tree. They talk about the way each artist has their own personal response to what the tree represents. One may begin by looking at the trunk, another may focus on the background and environment, and another might begin to look at its leaves. Since they each have different ideas about the same tree, we see how artists do not paint trees or landscapes; they paint an idea.
• The artists direct our attention towards the way each individual artist performs their art. For example, one artist may look at the engineering and architectural patterns of a tree and the other may primarily focus on different aspects such as the arrangement of lines.
• A lot of these videos focus on the process of creating art and how that process shows a different artistic experience. They use different paint, a large/small canvas, or thin/thick paintbrushes.
• In Family Guy's video, they make fun of Bob Ross' artistic style and process while he paints his happy trees.

Journal Q&A

I am still finishing up my writing project. It seems I am never satisfied with my writing. I focused on sleep paralysis and strangely enough I experienced it last night.  That’s the third time this quarter and I after reading all three articles I think I should go see a sleep specialist. Or maybe I just need more sleep. Haha. Overall, I am happy I got to read and write about this topic even though it was hard to elaborate on my ideas when it came to writing my paper. On Monday, the comment about the structure of my paper was very helpful. I realized my sentences didn’t make sense sometimes or they went off on tangents. Also, my partner suggested to break up my sentences they way we did in class. This was helpful because I was able to weave out any unnecessary information and focus on what’s important for my argument. I kept in mind Zack’s comment to “go back” to my thesis at the end of each paragraph. This helps the reader keep the focus on the argument. I tried my best to make the last sentence of every paragraph tie back to my argument.

Thlog #6

Week six is kicking my butt and I am not excited to enter regular midterm cycles once again. Our next writing project encompasses the difference between academic research articles and non-academic research articles. I have made up my mind about my topic and I decided to talk about sleep paralysis. After having two episodes of this since the start of the quarter, I came to a conclusion that it would probably be best to study this phenomenon through writing about it. First off, it was very difficult for me to find different disciplines that talk about this topic because for the most part they all offer a scientific approach. So, I decided to get more specific with the type of studies associated with sleep paralysis. I found two articles: one focused on the psychopathology(the study of mental disorders) and how it is associated with specific medical specialties (e.g. orthopaedic: focuses on injuries and diseases of a person's bones) of an isolated sleep paralysis experience and the other examines the psychological reasoning behind this strange experience.  I found both articles to be very interesting because they offered different insights about the same topic. The psychology article was suggestive of a method that can be applied by people who experience sleep paralysis. This method that the author names focused-attention meditation combined with muscle relaxation (MR Therapy), explains that by focusing on a comforting thought during sleep paralysis, one can erase the horrifying hallucinations and ghost-like figures that have intruded the bedroom. These articles educated me and in a way relieved me of the crazy dreams and not-so-dreamy hallucinations that I have come across. Although my experiences do not come close to some of the ones I have been reading, it's good to learn about the potential causes and ways to aid this traumatizing experience.

Thlog #5

This week in writing we began to look at the different moves and the way that authors use them to make their writing more effective. We looked at some pretty cool sports videos in class to come up with the moves that athletes used in their games. For example, we looked at some basketball replays that showed how Michael Jordan used certain moves, such as the juke, to fool his opponents and make more point for his team. We then got into groups and discussed the moves used by Mike Bunn in his article How to Read Like a Writer. It was interesting to see the names that my classmates came up with to describe their moves. This idea of moves and the way in which they are either effective or ineffective have helped me improve as a writer. There was lots of moves that I did not even notice I was making, such as using conversational word choice, that have changed the way I use them in certain genres of writing. For example, it is most efficient to use a conversational tone whenever I want to appeal to a college audience because in doing so, I am more easily able to grab their attention. Doing the PB2B was a little tricky because I did not understand all the moves that were listed in the Template of Moves article. Making my own moves, on the other hand, was lots of fun because I was felt more free to describe whatever I wished. As I looked back on the readings from the class, I realized how important it is to annotate the texts because going back and reading an entire article is very time consuming and unnecessary. I will begin to take better notes and summarize main ideas of these articles to save myself some trouble in the future.

PB2B: Moves

Establishing why your claim matters. The conclusions made in Birkenstein and Graff’s ““So What? Who Cares?”-Saying Why it Matters” have a significant application in a student’s college expository writing because they emphasize the need for writers to demonstrate the “even broader relevance and urgency of the subject matter”(53). For example, Birkenstein and Graff say that by “suggesting the real-world applications of your claims, they demonstrate that others care about your claims but also tell your readers why they should care” (54). This concept of including real-world relevance is effective in any genre of writing because it gives the text a sense of purpose.   

Entertaining Objectives. In Peter Elbow’s Teaching Two Kinds of Thinking by Teaching Writing, he brings in an arguable statement:“You might say that speaking is a better way to enhance creative thinking-either through brainstorming or through the back and forth discussion of debate” (33). Here the author compares speaking to exploratory writing and puts this idea under discussion. He argues that people work more efficiently using the free exploratory writing method due to the availability, where you don’t need an audience to practice speaking.

Indicating who cares: This technique tells the reader who the author is writing for and who might benefit from reading. For example, the findings found in the article The Disciplines of Love, by Julia Nguyen, challenge the work of earlier researchers, who tended to assume that “love is portrayed as an experience that people crave or is something that happens spontaneously.” But recently, biologists suggest that the forces that drive us to want those feelings are related to the chemicals in our brains. This article hints that people in the biological field might find this information resourceful.

Naming your naysayers  In The Disciplines of Love, by Julia Nguyen, she talks about the effectiveness of certain conventions, such as tone, and the way they have a precise effect to a specific area of study. She mentions that in the field of biology, scholars would argue that an objective and straightforward is most efficient in comparison to the method used by communication scholars. This move is one that brings to question the actions of other writers and serves to describe a naysayer who thinks the beliefs of others are flawed.

Capturing authorial action. This move describes how authors use certain sources to strengthen their argument. For example, in How to Read Like a Writer by Mike Bunn, the author mentions the beliefs of famous authors such as David Jauss. Here, Jauss acknowledges that reading won’t help much unless one learns to read like a writer. This helps validate his point about reading while simultaneously trying to figure out how a text is constructed to become successful in ‘reading like a writer.’  

Introducing “Standard View.” Laura Bolin Carroll states in her article Backpacks and Briefcases: Steps toward Rhetorical Analysis: “Chances are you have grown up learning to interpret and analyze these type of rhetoric. They become so commonplace that we don’t realize how often and how quickly we are able to perform this kind of rhetorical analysis” (40). This generalization, or standard view of something recurring in today’s society, is exemplary of the way in which writers come to draw their own conclusions based off of personal experiences that can effectively relate to the experiences of readers to the idea of rhetorical analysis.

The “fun imagery” move is evident in Losh and Alexander’s “Writing Spaces.” Here the authors practice an interesting technique in which they guide the reader through a series of comic strips. This technique helps engage the reader because the images poke fun at the different writing spaces in many different genres of writing through humorous and alluring pictures. Losh and Alexander provide visually entertaining images such as a comparison of two college classrooms, where they describe one as structured and dutiful with a very strict professor and the other as creative and experimental with a easy-going professor.

The “Start with an ‘I’ introduction” move is seen in Peter Elbow’s “Teaching Two Kinds of Thinking by Teaching Writing” where he talks about the way he ‘celebrates’ freewriting and exploratory writing on the first drafts. This move is also apparent in Janet Boyd’s “Murder! (Rhetorically Speaking)” where she states she is a college professor to appeal to a college audience. This method is effective in relating the audience to the writer because it starts the text as personal and conversational.

The “agree to disagree” move is one where the author expresses different ideas and shows how, although arguable, they work together to give the best results in writing. For example, in “Two Kinds of Thinking by Teaching Writing” by Peter Elbow, he expresses how first order thinking leads to more satisfying writing but adds that the “notion of opposite extremes gives a constructive and specific picture of what we’re looking for in good thinking and writing.”

The “I could have just saved time and read the last paragraph” move is seen in How to Read Like a Writer by Mike Bunn and Navigating Genres by Kerry Drik. This move shows how authors write the important take from a reading at the end of the writing. This works to reiterate the main idea as well as to leave the reader with a clear understanding of what had just been read.

Thlog 4

This week in writing we had one last opportunity to give each other help on our writing projects. I was surprised that so many people were writing about the same topic as me. I felt so much relief to finally be done with our first assignment. Now we have moved on to our new writing project that is based on research papers. I feel a bit more comfortable with research papers because they do not require as much creativity as our previous paper. Research papers, however, do require more investigation and reading. The fact that we were able to write about any scholarly journal was great because I read about something that interested me. I chose to write about child abuse and neglect, developmental role attainment, and adult arrests. This study was interesting to me because it discussed the difference between people who were abused and neglected at an early age and people who weren't, and how this impacted their life as adults. The PB2A I feel is very helpful exercise because I was able to take a close look at the way the publication was written. I was a bit lost before doing the assignment since I was unable to attend class on Wednesday because I was very sick. I didn't really understand what went on during the group projects but I still read the responses on the journal and tried to catch up with the class. I hope that after class tomorrow I have a better understanding of our second writing project. I am looking forward to this assignment.

PB2A

The scholarly publication I picked discusses how the derailment in one of the three critical areas of development-education, employment, and marriage-increases the likelihood of poor outcomes in adulthood. Some of the conventions I found in this publication was bold titles and subtitles, numbered pages, a “keywords” section, separation of categories, lots of citations, and a specific order of ideas. The title on the first page is very large and bolded with the purpose to catch the reader’s attention. The title reads “Child Abuse and Neglect, Developmental Role Attainment, and Adult Arrests.” From this the reader may assume that this paper will discuss the way child abuse and neglect have an impact in the latter parts of a person’s life. By using words like “child” and “abuse,” the author is evoking pity or sadness, a rhetorical technique known as pathos. Right away, it introduces what is being discussed and following the title is the authors that contributed to the publication. Beneath the title is the abstract. This is the part of the research paper that establishes what the paper is studying and the author’s argument. The author argues that these three developmental milestones are crucial to and that they negatively affect a person in their adulthood.

I noticed that in the first page, there are footnotes and a section dedicated to the corresponding author. It lists out the author’s name followed by her contact information, the institution she attends, and her address. By doing this, the author aims at establishing credibility. In the second page, there is a section with “Keywords” that give an outline of the different topics and strategies used in the experimental study. It then begins to chronologically discuss these topics in detail. The author keeps this order to make the paper sound clear and organized. This is helpful to the reader because it helps them navigate through the paper without confusion.

The author also talks about lots of different studies previously made. The author not only provides these resources, but also explains their significance to her study. For example, she writes “Eckenrode and colleagues (1993) found that maltreated elementary and middle school students scored 10 percentile points lower on a standardized math test, had lower grades overall, and were more likely to fail a grade in school than nonmaltreated peers.” She goes on explaining how this is supportive of her argument. Using other sources helps build credibility as a writer. It is important that these ideas are correctly cited as well.

After discussing the three different areas of development, the author introduces the present study. In this study, there are six basic questions and four conditions necessary to tell whether or not certain factors act as mediators in associations between variables. Next, we see a new paragraph that describes the methods put forth in the experiment. It breaks down in different sections the sample and design, variables and measures, and statistical analysis. After describing this, the author explains the results from the study. With this, there are tables and graphs that illustrate the results from the different subjects that were studied. The first table shows how abused and neglected children are at higher risk than the control group to have an arrest as a juvenile and adult, are less likely to graduate from high school, be employed, and get married.

The next set of analyses show the correlation between successful achievement and a significant decrease in risk for adult arrest. These graphs I feel are very important to this study because they offer evidence to the writer’s argument. Another important part to this study is the discussion of the results that are used to determine whether or not their theory was a valid one.

Lastly, there are author biographies at the bottom of the last page where they address their professional careers. Once again, they serve to give the author credibility.


Allwood, Maureen A., and Cathy Spatz Widom. "Child Abuse and Neglect, Developmental Role                     Attainment, and Adult Arrests." SAGE Journals. Web. 24 Apr. 2016.

Thlog 3

Week three was all about our first writing project. In class we discussed methods and tips that can help improve our paper. I found these to be useful for writing my paper. One tip I kept in mind was putting my work aside and looking back at it another time. When it comes to writing assignments I usually just complete it all on the first try. I practiced this technique throughout the weekend and was able to come up with different ideas to add to my argument. I was also able to read my paper through different perspectives. As I revised my paper, I looked at the Genre Analysis questions from the back of reader and checked to see if I addressed these questions the way I wanted to. So far, I think my paper has improved. I did not think the in-class peer revision helped at all. I did not feel that I was much help to my classmates either. I think that was because we were not given enough time to even read the papers carefully. I was also confused with the way in which our paper is supposed to be written. In some of my classmates' papers, they used "you" and "I" and I thought because the prompt said to address a scholarly audience we would not be able to use first-person point of view. However, I learned that it is okay to do as long as the paper does not go onto tangents and get too personal. I am glad that I am able to use second-person point of view because it makes it so much easier to grab a readers attention in an intro. I am still working on finishing up my paper and I hope that after Monday's class I feel a bit more confident about my work.

Thlog #2

     This week's class was awesome because we didn't meet on Wednesday. Most of Monday's class was a discussion about our PB1B. I enjoyed reading my classmates' analysis of textual genres because many of the genres chosen were unique and interesting. My PB1B was about Chik-fil-A billboards, which I had a pleasant time writing about because I find them to be very funny. The feedback I received was also very helpful and I feel like I have a more clear idea of what I need for my first writing project. I am glad that I was able to pick the genre for this textual assignment because I find it more enjoyable and free to be expressive about my ideas. My PB1B, on the other hand, was not self-picked. The generator assigned me a research paper that I probably read twenty times before I actually understood what it was talking about. Two hours of research and fifteen open tabs later, I was able to understand most of the scientific terms to some degree. I then began to make a list of some of the conventions I found in the research paper. I also looked up other research papers and found some of the differences and similarities between them. This exercise was very helpful to me because I learned to familiarize myself with a genre I had never explored before. I did have, however, some complications writing my thoughts into my PB1B due to the fact that I was writing about something I did not completely understand. The reading So What? Who Cares? was helpful in answering why writing matters and to who. This is a task that many writers are not able to fulfill-including myself. I hope that the exercises in class, readings, and feedback from other students continue to help me progress in my writing, especially with my first writing project.

PB1B

   The research paper I looked at talked about wireless sensor networks(WSN), which are freely-spaced sensors with the task to cooperatively transfer their data through the network to a specific location. It addressed the issue that these sensors face in network congestion, which is reduced quality of service that happens when a network node(point of intersection or connection)carries more data than it is capable of. The paper immediately begins to introduce higher-level terminology and explains what they mean. For example, context-free grammar-as described in the text-is a set of writing rules that "embodies the theoretical principles of programming languages." This is important to do because introducing terms that may seem new to some readers can draw away interest from the text.

   One writing convention evidently seen in this paper is a problem and a potential solution to this problem that is put to test. This paper argues that "few analysts would disagree with the deployment of context-free grammar." In order to solve this issue, they used multimodal models to show that write-ahead logging and simulated annealing(technique used to compute the global optimum of a given function) can help overcome this problem.
 
    The writing and representation of the text itself is another key convention to research papers. Within this research paper are the clearly labeled sections that contain discussions of the problem. It offers a numbered outline with an introduction, supporting body paragraphs, and a conclusion analyzing the results from the experiment. Following the results, are the ways in which these results are helpful(or not) in solving this previously stated issue. Other things that follow are an explanation of the ways in which the model can be improved. Another important factor is a step-by-step explanation of the experiment and its design(shown through visual representations) to better help familiarize the reader. The text is split into six categories. Some headings, such as the title, are made larger and bolder to emphasize the question being asked or the experiment being put to test.

   Research papers also include qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research refers to the process in which you ask questions and come up with procedures, collect data, analyze that data, make inferences based off of one's own generalizations in a particular instance, as well the interpret what the data means and how it affects the outcome of the experiment. Quantitative research refers to the way in which one tests a theory through the examination of the relationship among variables in the experiment. The results obtained from such practice can then be used to create statistical representations of the results such as graphs. An example of this is seen the section Architecture where they "assume that Smalltalk can be made classical, extensible, and concurrent...We use our previously deployed results as a basis for all of these assumptions." Because of results previously obtained, they are able to make assumptions about other future results even though the variables in the experiment are subject to change. Making inferences is important in this textual genre because an essential part to experiments is being able to deduce from ones learning.
 
   Lastly, this text uses scholarly references relating to the subject being addressed in order to create validity. When a writer includes adequate resources, it helps build their case.